استرس

۱. معمولاً تکیه هر کلمه روی ریشه کلمه است. غالباً در اسمها چون ریشه کلمه در بخش اول می باشد تکیه روی بخش اول است.

 'doctor                 'paper

2. معمولاً در فعل ها چون ریشه کلمه در بخش دوم است تکیه روی بخش دوم است.

be'gin                en'joy

3. اکثر پسوندها مانند (ful – ness- est- er- or- ing- en- ed- es) تکیه ندارند.

'watches – 'worked – 'broken – 'playing – 'actor – 'teacher – 'biggest – 'kindness – 'useful

4. اکثر پیشوندها مانند (be – re – pre – mis – in – un – im) تکیه ندارند.

Im'possible – un'happy – in'fact – mis'take – re'port – pre'tend – be'fore

5. در کلماتی که با tele شروع می شوند تکیه روی tele می باشد.

'telephone                'television

6. در اسامی روزهای هفته، اسامی فصل ها تکیه روی بخش اول است.

'Sunday                    'summer                       'holiday

7. سیلاب قبل از tion دارای تکیه است.

'dictionary                  infor'mation                 conver'sation

8. در کلماتی که به teen ختم می شوند تکیه روی teen می باشد.

fif 'teen                       six'teen

9. در کلماتی که به nese ختم می شوند تکیه روی nese می باشد.

Chin'ese                     Japan'ese

10. در اعدادی که به ty ختم می شوند تکیه روی قسمت اول است.

'forty                           'fifty

11. در اسمهای مربوط به روابط خویشاوندی تکیه روی بخش اول است.

'mother                     'brother               'sister              'brother – in – law

۱۲. در اسامی مرکب (noun + noun) تکیه روی بخش اول است.

 'classroom                'football

13. در ترکیب (noun + adjective ) استرس روی اسم قرار دارد .

green 'house              cheap 'skates

14. هرگاه بخشی از کلمه صدای اِ کوتاه /ə/ بدهد آن بخش از کلمه دارای تکیه نیست و تکیه روی بخش دیگر است.

a'gain                          a'bout

15. ضمائر، حروف تعریف، حروف اضافه و افعال Modal و کلمات مخفف دارای تکیه ضعیف هستند.

It's 'good

16. در ترکیباتی که با good شروع می شود مانند good bye  استرس روی کلمه بعدی است.

good 'bye                    good 'morning

17. در ضمایر انعکاسی استرس روی کلمه self قرار دارد.

my'self                              your'self

18. در دو بخشی های مختوم به ow استرس روی بخش اول قرار دارد.

'borrow                              'yellow

19. در بعضی از کلمات با تغییر استرس اسم به فعل تبدیل می شود.

import-noun                   im'port-verb

present-noun                  pre'sent-verb

Idioms and expressions

all in a day's work

Definition: nothing special, part of the routine

Don't worry about it. It's all in a day's work.
Cooking is all in a day's work.

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

Definition: Idiom meaning that you need to have fun in order to be a happy, healthy person

Go home! Remember: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
I'm worried about him. He hasn't yet understood that all work and no play makes jack a dull boy.

dirty work

Definition: Necessary, but uninteresting, or difficult work

He did the dirty work on that project.
Have you got around to doing the dirty work yet?

get down to work

Definition: Stop relaxing, focus on important task

Hey, let's get down to work here!
Sorry, I've got to get off the phone and get down to work.

get worked up over something

Definition: become angry or annoyed about something

He got all worked up over the last exam.
Don't get worked up over the garden. I'll take care of it tomorrow.

make short work of something

Definition: do something quickly

I made short work of the assignment and moved on to the next job.
Give it to John. He'll make short work of it.

work like a horse

Definition: work a lot, work very hard

Janet works like a horse!
Why don't you ask Tom. He works like a horse.

work out for the best

Definition: eventually finish well

Don't worry about your problems. Everything will work out for the best.
The divorce worked out for the best for the whole family.

work something off

Definition: lose weight

I'm going running to work dinner off.
She went to the gym to work off a few pounds.

throw a monkey wrench in the works

Definition: cause a disturbance in something that seems clear and understandable

I hate to throw a monkey wrench in the works, but don't you think we should ask Andy to help.
Everything was set to go when Jack threw a monkey wrench in the works!

Intensifiers

categorically - in every manner, without reserve
deeply - strongly, with much feeling
enthusiastically - with great joy
freely - without hesitation
fully - completely, without any doubt
honestly - truly believing
positively - without any doubt
readily - without hesitation
sincerely - with best wishes
strongly - with conviction
totally - without any doubt
utterly - without any doubt.                                   categorically deny - In no way did I do something.   deeply regret - I am strongly sorry for my actions.   enthusiastically endorse - I happily, and with my whole heart believe in something.                                         freely appreciate - I certainly understand something.    fully recognize - I am aware of some situation.
honestly believe - I think something is true without any doubt.
positively encourage - I hope that you do something very strongly
readily endorse - I believe in something someone else does without hesitation.                                                 sincerely hope - I honestly want something for someone else.                                                                            strongly recommend - I really think you should do something.                                                               totally reject - I refuse to believe or do in any case.   utterly refuse - I completely do not want to do or believe

Here are example sentences for each of these emphatic expressions.                                                                         We categorically deny any involvement in the scandal.        I deeply regret the loss of your loved one.                         I enthusiastically endorse the local cancer society.        We freely appreciate the current difficulties in this market.   I fully recognize your need to improve your career.            I honestly believe he is telling the truth.                     We'd like to positively encourage you to buy this stock. Our company readily endorses his run for office.               I sincerely hope you are able to find employment soon.     I'd like to strongly recommend you visit an employment specialist.                                                                    They totally reject any compromise in these negotiations.   I'm afraid I utterly refuse to believe anything he says

today's word

shenanigan • \shuh-NAN-ih-gun\  • noun

 a devious trick used especially for an underhand purpose

a : tricky or questionable practices or conduct -- usually used in plural

b : high-spirited or mischievous activity -- usually used in plural

Example Sentence:

The CEO resigned amid accusations of financial shenanigans and dubious deals.

today's word

ramshackle • \RAM-shak-ul\  • adjective

 appearing ready to collapse : rickety

 carelessly or loosely constructed

Example Sentence:

The properties were separated by a ramshackle wooden fence that was just barely held together with chicken wire.

Idioms: Personal Feelings and Opinions

It's really difficult to figure out what you mean if you don't explain yourself. Figure out: to understand after consideration

I'd like to apologize for last weekend. I feel guilty about not having telephoned to say I wouldn't be able to come. Feel guilty: to feel bad about something you have done.

He is dying to go to the Red Hot Chili Pepper's concert next week. Be dying to: be very eager or keen to do something.

I just can't stand listening to him lecture. He is so boring! Can't stand: despise or hate something.

They're not sure that want to get married. I think they are getting cold feet. Get cold feet: become unsure about an important decision.

He really did poorly on the test. When it came to take it, he went blank and couldn't answer anything. Go blank: not remember anything - happens often on tests!

Jason is having a hard time getting over the death of his cat. Get over: recover from an illness or very bad news.

He must be kidding! He can't really mean what he says. Be kidding: be joking, not serious.

When you think really hard, you should always be able to know what you feel deep down. Feel deep down: your true feelings about something.

Unfortunately, he is having second thoughts about the car he just bought. It seems that it doesn't get very good mileage. Have second thoughts: be unsure of something you have already done - very similar to get cold feet, only that, in this case, the action has already been completed.

Confusing Word Pairs

accede: stick to agreement exceed: surpass	accept: receive except: exclude	adapt: adjust adept: proficient
adverse: opposed averse: not interested	affect: change, influence effect: (v) to bring about (n) result, impression	all right: all right alright: outdated usage
allude: refer to indirectly elude: avoid	altar: place of worship alter: to change	appraise: value apprise: inform, notify
capital:seat of government; money capitol: building where legislative body meets	complement:something that completes (noun); to complete (verb). compliment: a flattering remark (noun); to praise (verb)	continual: happens frequently in time: close succession continuous: uninterrupted
emigration: moving from a country immigration: moving to a country	eminent: outstanding, revered imminent: threatening to happen soon	everyday: The everyday (ordinary) routine of working every day: Call me every day (each day) this week.
farther: refers to actual distance further: refers to figurative distance	imply: speaker implies (suggests) infer: hearer infers (perceives)	floe: large sheet of floating ice flow: move, run freely, circulate
lay: to set down, to place or put an item down lie: to recline	pray: to ask for by prayer or supplication prey: animal hunted or caught for food; victim	principal: first in authority; main participant; amount of a debt less interest principle: basic truth or assumption
raise: to cause to lift or to lift something rise: to ascend, move upward, or get up	real: adjective (real sugar) really: adverb (really wishing for...)	set: to place something somewhere sit: to be in a position of rest or to be seated
stationary: not moving: fixed stationery: writing material: letterhead, envelopes, etc.	suit: a set of clothes; legal action suite: number of items making up a set, series, or sequence	waiver: the giving up of a claim waver: to hesitate; also tremble or quaver

Confusing Word Triplets

ensure: to make sure or certain; guarantee; to protect	insure: to take out or issue insurance; to pay or be paid money in the case of loss	assure: convince, make sure of something, to give confidence; to declare or promise confidently
to: in the direction of; toward	too: in addition; as well, also	two: more than one; less than three
their: belonging to; possessive of "they"	there: at, or in that place	they're: combination of "they are"

HOMONYM

HOMONYM: One of two or more words having the same sound and often the same spelling but different meanings. Examples: quail (cower), and quail (bird) fair (appearance), fair (county fair), and fair (reasonable).

HOMOPHONE: One of two or more words pronounced the same but different in meaning, origin, and sometimes spelling. Examples: cite, sight, and site; sea and see; your and you're; bow and bough.

HOMOGRAPH: One of two or more words spelled alike but different in origin, meaning, and sometimes pronunciation. Examples: bow of a ship, a bow and arrow, and a bow (deference/manners).

HETERONYM: One of two or more words that are spelled the same but that differ in pronunciation and meaning. Examples: bass (voice) and bass (fish); polish (shine) and Polish (from Poland); tear (rip) and tear (from eye.

Verbs + From

bar someone from (doing) something - Jack has barred Jennifer from visiting his daughter.
bar someone from a place - The police barred Peter from the shopping mall.
benefit from (doing) something - Students benefit from listening to news reports on the radio.
derive something from something - He derived the meaning from the context of the sentence.
deter someone from (doing) something - Please deter your children from walking across busy avenues.
differ from something - Our cheese differs from our competitor's cheese because of its superior quality.
distinguish one thing from another thing - I'm afraid he can't distinguish a British accent from a Irish accent.
distract someone from something - Please distract Tim from the television.
exempt someone from (doing) something - The judge exempted the young man from doing extra community service.
expel someone from a place - The children were expelled form school for their bad behavior.
refrain from (doing) something - Nancy refrains from smoking at work.
resign from (doing) something - Jacques resigned from his position.
result from (doing) something - The unrest results from our politicians lack of seriousness about the situation.
stem from (doing) something - The poor results stem from his lack of experience.
suffer from (doing) something - He will suffer from studying too little

Verbs + For

be for something / someone - I'm for Mayor Martini.
account for something - That accounts for his success.
allow for something - I think you need to allow for misunderstandings.
apologize for something / someone - Jackson apologized for his rude behavior.
blame someone for (doing) something - I blame Janet for the broken pottery.
care for (doing) something / someone - He doesn't care for playing golf.
charge someone for (doing) something - The accountant charged him $400 for his advice.
count for something - Your good marks count for 50% of your grade.
earmark something for a use - Congress earmarked $6 million for safety improvements.
pay for someone / something - Let me pay for Tom

Verbs + At

be at something - The exhibition is at the modern art gallery.
glance at something - Can I glance at that for a moment?
guess at something - She guessed at the answer.
hint at something - My mom hinted at my present.
marvel at something - I marvel at your math abilities.

Verbs + Against

be against something / someone - I am against the new regulation.
insure something against something - We insured our house against storm damage.
protest against (doing) something - The students are protesting against the invasion.

Verbs + About

be about something - That book is about his experiences in Africa.
argue about (doing) something - The boys argued about which bus to take.
be concerned about (doing) something - I'm concerned about your grades.
be worried about (doing) something - She is worried about her exams.
boast about (doing) something - Thomas boasted about his golfing ability.
decide about (doing) something - Anna decided about her goals.
dream about (doing) something - Mark dreams about becoming a ballet dancer.
protest about (doing) something - The students protested about the invasion.

Check your knowledge of these verb + preposition combinations with these quizzes:

Health and Healthcare

Health and Healthcare - Illnesses

ache

ear ache

headache

stomach ache

toothache

cancer

cold

cough

flu

heart attack

heart disease

infection

infectious disease

pain

virus

Health and Healthcare - Minor Injuries

bruise

cut

graze

wound

Health and Healthcare - Treatment

bandage

check-up

dose (of medicine)

drugs

injection

give some an injection

medicine

take medicine

operation

pain-killer

pill

plaster

tablet

tranquilizer

Health and Healthcare - People

dentist

doctor

general practitioner

midwife

nurse

patient

specialist

surgeon

Health and Healthcare - Places

hospital

operating theatre

surgery

waiting room

ward

Health and Healthcare - Verbs

catch

cure

heal

hurt

injure

operate on

prescribe

prescription

treat

treatment

Health and Healthcare - Adjectives

fit

ill

sick

feel sick

be sick

vomit

healthy

unhealthy

painful

unwell

well

Professions and Jobs

Professions and Jobs - People

accountant

actor

air steward

architect

assistant

personal assistant

shop assistant

author

baker

barman / barmaid / bar person

builder

businessman / businesswoman / executive

butcher

caretaker

chef

civil servant

clerk

computer operator / programmer

cook

decorator

dentist

designer

director

company director

film director

doctor

driver bus / taxi / train driver

garbageman )refuse collector)

economist

editor

electrician

engineer

farmer

fisherman

fishmonger

flight attendant

hairdresser

head teacher

jeweler

journalist

judge

lawyer

lecturer

manager

miner

musician

news reader / news presenter

nurse

optician

painter

photographer

pilot

plumber

police officer

politician

porter

printer

prison officer / warder

receptionist

sailor

salesman / saleswoman /salesperson

scientist

secretary

soldier

solicitor

surgeon

tailor

teacher

telephonist

telephone operator

travel agent

TV cameraman

TV presenter

vet

waiter

writer

The Mind

The Mind - Verbs

analyze

calculate

forget

infer

memorize

realize

recognize

remember

work out

The Mind - Adjectives

articulate

brainy

bright

gifted

imaginative

intelligent

The Mind - Other Related Words

brain

emotion

genius

idea

intellect

knowledge

logic

memory

mind

skill

talent

thought

virtuoso

Money

Money - Banking

account

bank statement

bankrupt

borrow

budget

cash

cashier

check

traveler's check

credit )card)

currency

debt

deposit

exchange rate

interest )rate)

invest

investment

lend

loan

mortgage

owe

pay

save

savings

shares

withdraw

Money - Buying

bargain

bill

cost

expense

installments

price

purchase

purse

receipt

reduction

refund

spend

wallet

Money - Earning

bonus

earn

earnings

income

gross income

net income

rise

salary

wage

Money - Giving

collection

donate

donation

fee

fine

grant

income tax

inherit

inheritance

pension

pocket money

rent

scholarship

tip

winnings

Money - Verbs

add up

go up / down

make ends meet

pay back

pay into

put down

put towards

run out

save up

take out

Money - Other Related Words

profit

property

valuable

value

waste of money

wealth

worth

worthless

Money - Related Adjectives

affluent

broke

generous

hard-up

mean

poor

prosperous

rich

stingy

wealthy

well off

People and Physical Characteristics

People and Physical Characteristics - Age

baby

toddler

child

teenager

young man / woman

youth

middle-aged )man / woman)

elderly )man / woman)

teens

early mid late

about

twentyish

thirty something

People and Physical Characteristics - Build

fat

overweight

slim

thin

skinny

plump

stocky

well built

People and Physical Characteristics - Complexion

fair

dark

olive

pale

tanned

clear

good

spotty

pimpled

freckles

spots

pimples

People and Physical Characteristics - Facial Features on Men

moustache

clean-shaven

beard

People and Physical Characteristics - Hair

long

short

medium length

shoulder length

black

fair

dark

red

gray

going gray

light brown

blond

white

curly

spiky

straight

wavy

bald

receding hairline

People and Physical Characteristics - Height

average height

above average

below average

petite

short

tall

Places

Places - Buildings People Live In

apartment

block

apartment block

block of flats _British English

bungalow

cottage

duplex _American English

flat _British English

floor on the ground / first / top floor

house

detached house _British English

semi-detached house _British English

terraced house

story - ten / multi-story building :British English - storey

Places - Other Buildings

bar _American English

car park

castle

cathedral

church

office

office block

park

post office

pub

restaurant

skyscraper

station

bus station

fire station

police station

railway station

town hall

Places - Stores and Shops

baker's

butcher's

department store

dry cleaner's

fishmonger's -British English

fish-shop

greengrocer's

grocer's

ironmonger's (British English)

hardware store -American English

shop

shopping mall _American English

stationer's

sweetshop -British English

tobacconist's -British English

Places - Communities

city

capital city

port

resort

holiday resort

seaside resort

ski resort

town

village

Places - Parts and Areas of Communities

area

country area

residential area

rural area

urban area

center

city center

town center

district

outskirts

region

suburb

in the suburbs

suburban _adj

Places - Geographical Features

bay

beach

cliff

coast

on the coast

countryside

flat _adj

forest

hill

hilly _adj

lake

mountain

mountainous _adj

plain _n

river

sea

seaside

shore

stream _n

valley

wood

(woody / wooded (adj

Science

Science - Inventions

computer

communications satellite

microchip

microscope

microwave

robot

speedometer

thermometer

Science - People

inventor

researcher

scientist

technician

Science - Machinery

appliance

engine

gadget

machine

Science - Adjectives

battery- / mains-operated

high-tech

mobile

portable

remote controlled

scientific

technical

Science - Space

astronaut

cosmonaut

earth

gravity

launch

moon

orbit

planet

space

space craft

space shuttle

space station

space suit

weightless-ness

Science - Verbs

discover

experiment

invent

research

Science - Other Related Words

fax

lab

patent