معمولاً تکیه هر کلمه روی ریشه کلمه است. غالباً در اسمها چون ریشه کلمه در بخش اول می باشد تکیه روی بخش اول است.
'doctor 'paper
2. معمولاً در فعل ها چون ریشه کلمه در بخش دوم است تکیه روی بخش دوم است.
be'gin en'joy
3. اکثر پسوندها مانند (ful – ness- est- er- or- ing- en- ed- es) تکیه ندارند.
'watches – 'worked – 'broken – 'playing – 'actor – 'teacher – 'biggest – 'kindness – 'useful
4. اکثر پیشوندها مانند (be – re – pre – mis – in – un – im) تکیه ندارند.
Im'possible – un'happy – in'fact – mis'take – re'port – pre'tend – be'fore
5. در کلماتی که با tele شروع می شوند تکیه روی tele می باشد.
'telephone 'television
6. در اسامی روزهای هفته، اسامی فصل ها تکیه روی بخش اول است.
'Sunday 'summer 'holiday
7. سیلاب قبل از tion دارای تکیه است.
'dictionary infor'mation conver'sation
8. در کلماتی که به teen ختم می شوند تکیه روی teen می باشد.
fif 'teen six'teen
9. در کلماتی که به nese ختم می شوند تکیه روی nese می باشد.
Chin'ese Japan'ese
10. در اعدادی که به ty ختم می شوند تکیه روی قسمت اول است.
'forty 'fifty
11. در اسمهای مربوط به روابط خویشاوندی تکیه روی بخش اول است.
'mother 'brother 'sister 'brother – in – law
12. در اسامی مرکب (noun + noun) تکیه روی بخش اول است.
'classroom 'football
13. در ترکیب (noun + adjective ) استرس روی اسم قرار دارد .
green 'house cheap 'skates
14. هرگاه بخشی از کلمه صدای اِ کوتاه /ə/ بدهد آن بخش از کلمه دارای تکیه نیست و تکیه روی بخش دیگر است.
a'gain a'bout
15. ضمائر، حروف تعریف، حروف اضافه و افعال Modal و کلمات مخفف دارای تکیه ضعیف هستند.
It's 'good
16. در ترکیباتی که با good شروع می شود مانند good bye استرس روی کلمه بعدی است.
good 'bye good 'morning
17. در ضمایر انعکاسی استرس روی کلمه self قرار دارد.
my'self your'self
18. در دو بخشی های مختوم به ow استرس روی بخش اول قرار دارد.
'borrow 'yellow
19. در بعضی از کلمات با تغییر استرس اسم به فعل تبدیل می شود.
'import(noun) im'port(verb)
'present(noun) pre'sent(verb)
A affable affinity affliction affluent alacrity alleviate ambiguous ambivalent amiable animosity annex apocryphal apprehensive aqueous arduous aroma atone attrition avarice bellicose belligerent beneficiary brazen brusque
C capricious charisma chastise cognitive coherent complicity comprehensive concoct condone congenial congenital consensus contiguous convivial cryptic culpable curtail
D dangle dearth deference delineate derogatory diligent disparage docile doleful dormant drought dubious dumbfound duplicity
E eccentric efface egocentric elucidate eminent enchant endeavor enigma enthral esoteric exacerbate extol extraneous
F felicity fidelity flagrant flimsy frugal futile
G gaudy ghastly gluttony gratuitous gregarious grumble
H haughty heterogeneous homogeneous hypocrisy
I imminent impediment indigenous indulgent ingenuous inherent insatiate instigate intrepid irate J jeopardy L laconic lament latent lithe lurid leash loafer lucrative lustrous
M malign meddle mend mendacious minuscule mirth munificent
N nausea neglect nihilism nocturnal nominal notorious noxious nuance
O oblique obscure officious opaque parsimonious pejorative
P perch pervade petulant philanthropy philistine pillage plethora ponderous postulate precipitous precursor presumptuous prevail prodigious prodigy proliferate prolific proprietary provident proximity prudent Q quashed quenching
R rancor reciprocal reclusive renaissance replenish reproach reticent reverberate revere rigor rotundity rudimentary
S salvage scattered scrupulous sentient serendipity shatter shunned sketchy sporadic squander stagnation stifled strive subjugate sublime succumb superfluous surreptitious
T taciturn taciturn tangible tantalize tenacious tentative torpid treacherous tremor tyro U uproar
V vanity vehemence venerate verisimilitude vestige vigilance vilify vindicate visionary vitriolic volatile voluptuous
ENGLISH SPELLING RULES
Short and Long Vowels
1. To spell a short vowel sound, only one letter is needed:
at red it hot up
2. To spell a long sound you must add a second vowel. The second may be next to the first, in the VVC pattern (boat, maid, cue, etc.) or it may be separated from the first one by a consonant in the VCV pattern (made, ride, tide, etc.). If the second vowel is separated from the first by two spaces, it does not affect the first one. This is the VCCV pattern in which the first vowel remains short. Thus, doubling a consonant can be called "protecting" a short vowel because it prevents an incoming vowel from getting close enough to the first one to change its sound from short to long:
maid, made, but madder; dine, diner, but dinner.
Spelling the Sound /k/
This sound can be spelled in any one of four ways:
1. c 2. cc 3. k 4. ck
1. The single letter, c , is the most common spelling. It may be used anywhere in a word:
cat |
corn |
actor |
victim |
direct |
mica |
scat |
bacon |
public |
cactus |
inflict |
pecan |
2. Sometimes the letter c must be doubled to cc to protect the sound of a short vowel:
stucco |
baccalaureate |
hiccups |
|
tobacco |
buccaneer |
occupy |
raccoon |
succulent |
3. The letter k is substituted for c if /k/ is followed by an e, i, or y.
kin |
make |
sketch |
poker |
kind |
risky |
skin |
token |
skill |
keep |
liking |
flaky |
(Boring examples? How about kyphosis, kylix, keratosis, and dyskinesia?)
4. Similarly, the spelling ck, is substituted for cc if the following letter is an e, i, or y:
lucky |
picking |
rocking |
finicky |
blackest |
mackintosh |
frolicked |
ducking |
|
picnicking |
stocking |
Quebecker |
5. The letters,
sack |
duck |
lick |
stick |
wreck |
clock |
(Forget about yak. Your student will never need it.)
The letter, k, follows any other sound:
milk |
soak |
make |
bark |
tank |
peek |
bike |
cork |
tusk |
hawk |
duke |
perk |
1. The letter j is usually used if the sound if followed by an a, o, or u.
just |
jam |
jungle |
injure |
major |
adjacent |
jog |
jar |
|
jury |
job |
Benjamin |
adjust |
jacket |
jolly |
jaguar |
jump |
jalousie |
2. Since the letter g has the soft sound of /j/ when it is followed by an e, i, or y, it is usually used in this situation:
gentle |
ginger |
aging |
algebra |
Egyptologist |
gem |
origin |
gym |
2. If /j/ follows a short vowel sound, it is usually spelled with dge. This is because the letter j, is never doubled in English.
badge |
ridge |
dodge |
partridge |
gadget |
judge |
edge |
smudge |
judgement |
budget |
The sound /ch/ has two spellings: tch after a short vowel, ch anywhere else:
witch |
sketch |
botch |
satchel |
catch |
hatchet |
kitchen |
escutcheon |
Exceptions:
Which, rich, much, such, touch, bachelor, attach, sandwich, and ostrich.
The Sound, /kw/
This sound is ALWAYS spelled with the letters, qu, never anything else.
Using -le
Words ending in -le, such as little, require care. If the vowel sound is short, there must be two consonants between the vowel and the -le. Otherwise, one consonant is enough.
li tt le |
ha nd le |
ti ck le |
a mp le |
bo tt le |
pu zz le |
cru mb le |
a ng le |
bugle |
able |
poodle |
dawdle |
needle |
idle |
people |
Odds and Ends
1. The consonants, v, j, k, w, and x are never doubled.
2. No normal English words ends with the letter v. A final /v/ is always spelled with ve, no matter what the preceding vowel sound may be:
have |
give |
sleeve |
cove |
receive |
love |
connive |
brave |
Adding Endings
There are two kinds of suffixes, those that begin with a vowel and those that begin with a consonant. As usual, the spelling problems occur with the vowels:
Vowel Suffixes |
|
Consonant Suffixes | ||
- - - age |
- - -ist |
- - - ness |
- - - cess | |
- - - ant |
- - - ish |
- - -less |
- - -ment | |
- - -ance |
- - -ing |
- - -ly |
- - -ty | |
- - - al |
- - -ar |
- - -ful |
- - -ry | |
- - -ism |
- - -o |
- - -hood |
- - -ward | |
- - -able |
- - -on |
- - -wise |
| |
- - -an |
- - -ous |
|
| |
- - - a |
- - -or |
|
| |
- - -es |
- - -ual |
|
| |
- - -ed |
- - -unt |
|
| |
- - -er |
- - -um |
|
| |
- - -est |
- - -us |
|
| |
- - -y |
- - -ive |
|
|
1. Words that end in the letter y must have the
body - bodily |
marry - marriage |
many - manifold |
family - familiar |
happy - happiness |
puppy - puppies |
beauty - beautiful |
vary - various |
company - companion |
fury - furious |
plenty - plentiful |
merry - merriment |
2. In words that end in a silent e you must drop it before you add a vowel suffix. The silent e is no longer needed to make the preceding vowel long as the incoming vowel will do the trick:
ride - riding |
cure - curable |
use - usual |
age - aging |
fame - famous |
force - forcing |
refuse - refusal |
slice - slicing |
pure - purity |
ice - icicle |
nose - nosy |
convince - convincing |
globe - global |
race - racist |
pole - polar |
offense - offensive |
3. Words that end in an accented short or modified vowel sound must have the final consonant doubled to protect that sound when you add a vowel suffix:
|
remit - remittance |
confer - conferring |
refer - referred |
upset - upsetting |
shellac - shellacking |
occur - occurred |
concur- concurrent |
Note that this doubling is not done if the accent is not on the last syllable. If the word ends in a schwa, there is no need to "protect" it.
open - opening |
organ - organize |
focus - focused |
refer - referee |
4. Normally you drop a silent e before adding a vowel suffix. However, if the word ends in -ce or -ge and the incoming vowel is an a, o, or u, you cannot cavalierly toss out that silent e. It is not useless: it is keeping its left-hand letter soft, and your a, o, or u will not do that. Thus:
manage - manageable |
peace - peaceable |
courage - courageous |
revenge - vengeance |
surge - surgeon |
change - changeable |
notice - noticeable |
outrage - outrageous |
Gorgeous George bludgeoned a pigeon noticeably! Tsk.
5. Adding consonant suffixes is easy. You just add them. (Of course you must change a final y to i before you add any suffix.)
peace - peaceful |
harm - harmless |
age - ageless |
pity - pitiful |
child - childhood |
rifle - riflery |
/sh/
When this sound occurs before a vowel suffix, it is spelled ti, si, or ci.
partial |
cautious |
patient |
vacation |
special |
deficient |
suspicion |
suction |
inertia |
delicious |
ratio |
pension |
musician |
physician |
optician |
quotient |
electrician |
nutrition |
statistician |
expulsion |
/ee/ before a vowel suffix
When /ee/ precedes a vowel suffix, it is usually spelled with the letter i:
Indian |
obvious |
medium |
ingredient |
zodiac |
material |
Spelling Determined by Word Meaning
1. Mist and missed sound alike, as do band and banned. To determine the spelling, remember that -ed is a past-tense tending.
a. The mist drifted into the harbor.
b. I nearly missed my bus.
c. The movie was banned in
d. The band played on.
2. The endings of dentist and finest sound alike. Deciding which one to use can be tricky. One rule helps but doesn't cover all cases:
a. --ist is a suffix meaning someone who does something:
artist - machinist - druggist
b. --est is the ending used on superlative adjectives:
finest - sweetest - longest
3. The sounds at the end of musician and condition sound alike. but....
a. cian always means a person, where...
b. tion or sion are never used for people.
4. How do you tell whether to use tion or sion?
a. If the root word ends in /t/, use -tion: complete, completion
b. If the root word ends in /s/ or /d/, use sion: extend, extension
suppress, suppression
c. If the sound of the last syllable is the "heavy" sound of /zhun/ rather than the light sound, /shun/, use s: confusion, vision, adhesion
Exception: The ending, --mit becomes -mission:
permit - permission |
omit - omission |
submit - submission |
commit - commission |
1. The letter s between vowels sounds like a z:
nose |
result |
noise |
present |
partisan |
tease |
preside |
resound |
reserve |
2. The light "hissy" sound is spelled with either
notice |
reticent |
massive |
bicycle |
recent |
gossip |
russet |
rejoice |
essence |
vessel |
discuss |
pass |
3. The plural ending is always spelled with a single letter s unless you can hear a new syllable on the plural word. In that case, use -
loss, losses |
bank, banks |
twitch, twitches |
tree, trees |
box, boxes |
list, lists |
judge, judges |
|
No compendium of spelling rules would be complete with the most important rule of all:
WHEN IN DOUBT, ASK (or look it up)
But ask first - it's quicker.
please write your words
New words | Connecting words | My words |
vocabulary | book word write | |
live | home parents | |
city | town village | |
work | job | |
table | chair furniture | |
house | big garden | |
train | platform plane catch | |
cheap | expensive buy | |
food | breakfast dinner eat | |
drink | waiter milk wine |
alley cat
- a stray cat گربه خیابانی
I began to feed the alley cat and now it comes to my house every day.
as awkward as a cow on roller skates
- very awkward خیلی خجالتی
The little girl was as awkward as a cow on roller skates when she first began riding her bicycle.
as blind as a bat نابینا
- blind
The man is as blind as a bat and cannot see more than a small distance ahead.
as busy as a beaver
- very busy گرفتار بودن _ پر مشغله
I have been as busy as a beaver all morning trying to finish my work.
as clean as a hound's tooth
- very clean خیلی تمیز و پاکیزه بودن
The classroom was as clean as a hound's tooth when the students finished cleaning it.
مثال |
معنا |
ریشه لغت |
anthropoid |
انسان |
anthro |
automation |
خود |
auto |
bibliography |
کتاب |
bibl |
chromosome |
رنگ |
chrome |
chronicle |
وقت، زمان |
chron |
cosmology |
ترتیب، جهان |
cosm |
bicycle, cyclist |
چرخ، دایره |
cycle |
edict, predict |
گفتن |
dic, dict |
produce, conduct |
هدایت کردن |
duc, duct |
factory, manufacture, affect, perfect |
ساختن |
fac, fact, fect |
formation, formal |
شکل |
form |
effort, fortify |
قوی |
fort |
geology, geography |
زمین |
geo |
telegram, graphic |
نوشتن |
gram, graph |
heterodox |
غیر، دیگری |
hetero |
homology, homonym |
یکسان، همان |
homo |
theology, logical |
مطالعه، کلام |
log, logy |
manual, manufacture |
دست |
man, manu |
maternal, matrimony |
مادر |
mater, matri |
mediator |
وسط |
medi |
permit, missionary |
فرستادن |
mit, miss |
multiply, |
بسیار |
multi |
synonym, nomenclature, nominate |
نام |
nomen, nym |
omniscience, omnipresent |
همه |
omni |
pantheism |
همه |
pan |
paternal, patriarchy |
پدر |
pater, patri |
sympathy |
احساس، درد |
pathy |
philosophy |
عشق، دوست داشتن |
phil |
telephone, phonetic |
صدا |
phon |
transport, export, import |
حمل کردن |
port |
describe, description |
نوشتن |
scrib, script |
sequence, consequently |
دنبال کردن |
sequ, secut |
philosopher, sophistication |
عقل، عاقل |
soph |
taxonomy, tactic, contact |
ترتیب |
tax, tact |
telescope |
دور |
tele |
temporary |
وقت، زمان |
tempor |
attract, contract |
کشیدن |
tract |
convene, invent |
امدن، رفتن |
vene, vent |
convert, conversation |
برگشتن، برگرداندن |
vert, verse |
vocabulary, vocation |
صدازدن |
voc,vok |
involve, voluntarily |
گرداندن |
volve, volue |
... |
I dreamed I was walking along the beach with God. |
خیال میکردم که در کنار ساحل با خدا قدم می زنم |
Across the sky flashed scenes from my life. |
در میان آسمان تصویری از زندگیم جلوه گر شد |
For each scene, I noticed two sets of footprints in the sand; |
در هر قسمت دو جای پا بر روی شن ها دیدم |
One belonging to me, and the other to God. |
یکی متعلق به من و دیگری به خدا |
When the last scene of my life flashed before me. |
وقتی آخرین صحنه زندگیم نمایان شد |
I looked back at the footprints in the sand. |
بازگشتم و به جای پای روی شن ها نگریستم |
I noticed that many times along the path of my life there was only one set of foot prints. |
دیدم که چندین زمان در طول زندگانیم یک جای پا بیشتر نیست |
I also noticed that it happened at very lowest and saddest times in my life. |
همچنین دریافتم که این در سخت ترین و غمناک ترین لحظات زندگیم اتفاق افتاده است |
This really bothered me so I questioned God about it. |
این موضوع مرا براستی میرنجاند پس برای رفع ابهامم از خدا سوال کردم. |
"God, you said that once I decided to follow you. You'd walk with me all the way." |
خداوندا فرمودی که اگر به تو ایمان بیاورم، هیچ گاه مرا تنها نخواهی گذاشت |
But I have noticed that during the most troublesome times in my life, there is only one set of footprint. |
اما دیدم که در سخت ترین لحظات زندگیم فقط یک جای پا بیشتر نیست |
I don't understand why when I needed you most you would leave me. |
نمیدانم چرا در زمانی که بیشترین نیاز را به تو داشتم، تنهایم گذاشتی |
God replied, "My precious, precious child" |
خدا فرمود: فرزند عزیزم |
I love you, and I would never leave you. |
تو را دوست دارم و هرگز تنهایت نمی گذارم |
During your times of trial and suffering, when you see only one set of footprints |
اگر در مواقع سختی و رنج فقط یک جای پا می بینی |
It was then that I carried you. |
در آن لحظات تو را بدوش کشیدم |
آنچه که هستی هدیه خداوند به توست و آنچه که می شوی هدیه تو به خداوند ، پس بی نظیر باش .
The person that you are, is gods gift to you, and the one you will be is your Gift to god, so be perfect and excellent.